Our universe is a vast and complex entity, and while our knowledge of it has advanced significantly, scientists are still working to unveil many mysteries. One such incredible secret of "Dark Matter Stars" has been revealed by the James Web Telescope (JWT).
The James Web Telescope has observed such an object in the universe that has never been witnessed before. This object is a dark star. Dark stars are entirely different from normal stars. Normal stars get energy from fusion reactions to illuminate whereas dark stars are made of dark matter. By analyzing this star, we can understand many things in the universe that we never knew before.
The universe is divided into three parts i.e. visible matter (atoms), dark matter, and dark energy. Visible matter is only 4.6% of the universe, and dark matter is 24% while dark energy is composed of 71.4% of the universe. All the visible things like humans, mountains, the sun, the moon, etc. make up the visible universe that is made from visible matter. We don't know much about the dark matter that makes up 24% of the universe. We only know that it is made up of dark matter but how? We know very little about it. The third part is the dark energy that expands our universe gradually.
Dark matter is invisible. We don't know much about it. But if we don't know it, then how can we know it exists? When we examine the rotation and mass of a galaxy, we come to know that galaxies rotate very fast despite lesser masses. It means there is something mysterious around them that we can't see with our naked eye or instrument, but it exists and it is called dark matter with the help of which we can explain why galaxies rotate so fast. The dark matter stars glow enormously. They are millions of times larger in mass and billions of times more glowing than normal stars.
Considering the structure of these dark matter stars, a question arises over here. How do these stars form? After discovering by James Web Telescope, multiple simulations have been prepared of these stars. As Albert Einstein told us about the existence of a black hole and then we saw it. Just like that Einstein has also told us that a white hole also exists that is never seen to date but mathematics tells us that a white hole also exists that repels everything from itself. As a black hole attracts everything towards itself just like that, a white hole repels everything away from its center. Our mathematics, equations, and simulations call out very loudly that dark stars exist in our universe, but dark stars have never been found so far.
If we look at the place where helium and hydrogen clouds are forming after the Big Bang, there also exist spaces filled with dark matter. This is the place where helium, hydrogen clouds, and dark matter exist to form the stars. This revelation was done in a research paper in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA. It revealed that three objects were seen in the most distant past with the help of the James Web Telescope. Initially, the scientists believed them to be galaxies, but later, they gradually discovered that they were Super Massive Dark Stars. Search is going on to know more about them at the moment. When the Big Bang occurred and our universe came into being, 100 million years later, the formation of stars began.
There are two theories. The first theory states that this population was of three stars which were made from visible matter. Our universe was at the initial stage. Therefore, no heavy metals existed at that time. Only helium and hydrogen were present which were the basic elements. When a nuclear reaction occurred between helium and hydrogen and there the first stars were formed which are known as the population of three stars. Then gradually neon, carbon, silicon, Iron, Nickle like heavy metals started forming in these stars. In the second theory, Katherine Freese revealed with the help of simulations in 2008 that it is not necessary that only stars of visible matter were formed, but dark stars might also be there at the initial stage of the universe.
Dark matter doesn't interact with any signal or electromagnetic waves. Therefore, we can't interact with the dark matter. According to scientists, dark matter has an enormous gravitational signature. Therefore, we can know where dark matter exists because greater gravity than the gravity of visible matter can be noticed there. If helium and hydrogen clouds exist at a place where the particles of dark matter and anti-dark matter particles also exist, then the particles of dark matter and anti-dark matter particles will collide with each other to release energy. Here hydrogen and oxygen are also present. According to a research paper, dark matter will give its energy to hydrogen and oxygen. When they react with each other, a chain reaction with particle decay will occur and will gradually reach neutrinos, and we know neutrinos don't react. Therefore, further decay will stop. However, the energy given to the clouds of helium and hydrogen works as a catalyst in the formation of dark stars. Now it is believed that dark stars are the center of dark galaxies. According to scientists, these dark galaxies came into being 200 million years after the Big Bang.
These dark stars were smaller in the beginning but gradually they expanded as their temperature decreased because of no fusion reaction, and no high energy photons were ejected. Over the period, they became bigger as they collected masses from the dark matter around them.
When the stars expand, they become nearer to their end. The age of our Sun is also 8 billion years after which it will die. These dark stars will die in the same way giving birth to supermassive black holes. Scientists believe that a black hole is formed at the death of a dark star because of the smaller size of the population three stars couldn't make these black holes at that time when black holes existed.
James Web Telescope discovered three such objects that were thought to be galaxies in the beginning, but then the scientists realized them to be dark stars. Two of them are a million times bigger than our Solar System individually, and the third one is half a million bigger than the mass of our Sun.
Thus, we still don't know much about the formation of dark stars, but definitely, we definitely know that such an event occurred during the formation of a dark star which never happens in the present universe. This event was the interaction between dark matter and visible matter in which energy was transferred from the dark matter particles to the clouds of helium and hydrogen. This is a much much bigger event with the help of which we can understand the circumstances in which dark matter and visible matter interact. This will help us in studying and getting information about dark matter in the future. In fact, it is an amazing achievement of the James Web Telescope.